Human and nature dynamics (HANDY): Modeling inequality and use of resources in the collapse or sustainability of societies. There are widespread concerns that current trends in resource- use are unsustainable, but possibilities of overshoot/collapse remain controversial. Collapses have occurred frequently in history, often followed by centuries of economic, intellectual, and population decline. Many different natural and social phenomena have been invoked to explain specific collapses, but a general explanation remains elusive. In this paper, we build a human population dynamics model by adding accumulated wealth and economic inequality to a predator–prey model of humans and nature.
The model structure, and simulated scenarios that offer significant implications, are explained. Four equations describe the evolution of Elites, Commoners, Nature, and Wealth. The model shows Economic Stratification or Ecological Strain can independently lead to collapse, in agreement with the historical record. The measure “Carrying Capacity” is developed and its estimation is shown to be a practical means for early detection of a collapse.
Mechanisms leading to two types of collapses are discussed. The new dynamics of this model can also reproduce the irreversible collapses found in history.
Human and nature dynamics (HANDY): Modeling inequality and use of resources in the collapse or sustainability of societies. Get information, facts, and pictures about Greece at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about Greece easy with credible articles from our. The Rise Of Civilization In The Middle East And Africa. Edited By: Robert Guisepi. Introduction. The first full civilization emerged by 3500. Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1300 BCE) – Early Harappan Culture (3300–2600 BCE) – Mature Harappan Culture (2600–1900 BCE) – Late Harappan Culture.
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Collapse can be avoided, and population can reach a steady state at maximum carrying capacity if the rate of depletion of nature is reduced to a sustainable level and if resources are distributed equitably.
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- Culture in the 6th millennium. There was a long period of abandonment in the 7th millennium and then a final abandonment c 5800 BC. The site depicted a transition.
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Archaeology Wordsmith(View exact match)Afanasievo culture. CATEGORY: culture. DEFINITION: A Neolithic culture of the Yenisei valley of southern Siberia. The people, who were stock breeders and hunters, probably moved into the area in the late 3rd millennium BC.
Excavations uncovered burials under kurgans (low mounds), surrounded by circular stone walls. There was stamped dentate pottery, stone, bone, and bronze tools, and some copper ornaments with the burials.
The Afanasievo people were the first food- producers in the area, breeding cattle, horses, and sheep, but also practiced hunting. The Afanasievo were succeeded by the Andronovo culture in the mid- 2nd millennium BC. Agrelo culture. CATEGORY: culture.
DEFINITION: The Agrelo culture was centered in northwestern Argentina and dates from AD 1 to 1. The type site is just south of Mendoza and it features distinctive deep, wide- mouthed pottery with parallel stepped incised lines, punctations, and fingernail impressions, typical of southern Andean tradition. Pottery spindle whorls, crude figurines, labrets, clubheads, triangular projectile points, and beads of stone have been found. Pit inhumations were marked by stone circles. The Agrelo represents the agriculture- pottery threshold in this semi- arid area.
Nearby coastal pottery styles (Cienega, El Molle) may be precursors to Agrelo. CATEGORY: term. DEFINITION: The cultivation of domesticated crops. The invention of agriculture occurred in the Near East during the Neolithic period (8. BCE). Alaka culture.
CATEGORY: culture. DEFINITION: A preceramic shell midden culture on the northwest coast of Guyana which may date to c 2. BC. Located in the mangrove swamps, the middens have been grouped into the Alaka Phase. The culture relied on shellfish gathering, with some grinding stones, choppers, manos, and metates.
There are some crude ceramics in the later stages and represent intrusive cultures and the passing of Alaka. Andronovo culture. CATEGORY: culture.
DEFINITION: A culture of southern Siberia, between the Don and Yenisei Rivers, dating to the 2nd millennium BC. The culture was relatively uniform in this large area and agriculture played a large role. Wheat and millet were cultivated and cattle, horses, and sheep bred.
The metal- using culture (ores from the Altai), which succeeded the Afansievo, lived in settlements of up to ten large log cabin- like semisubterranean houses. Bowl- and flowerpot- shaped vessels were flat- bottomed, smoothed, and decorated with geometric patterns, triangles, rhombs, and meanders. Burial was in contracted position either in stone cists or enclosures with underground timber chambers.
The wooden constructions in rich graves may have designated social differentiation. The Andronovo complex is related to the Timber- Grave (Russian Srubna) group in southern Russia and both are branches of the Indo- Iranian cultural block. The Andronovo were the ancestors of Karasuk nomads who later inhabited the Central Asiatic and Siberian steppes. Apennine culture.
SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: Apennine Bronze Age. CATEGORY: culture. DEFINITION: The Bronze Age culture of the Italian peninsula, lasting from c 2. BC. The culture's pottery was distinctively dark and highly burnished, and decorated with incised and punctuated bands filled with white inlay.
The handles, often single, were elaborate and included crested, horned, and tongue types. The people seemed to depend on pastoral economy and stock breeding in the mountains which give the culture its name. Trade and a more mixed economy has evidence at some sites - - Ariano, Liparis, Luni, Narce, and Taranto - - and the culture had some influence from the Balkans. Some inhumation cemeteries are known, but burials are rare.
Bronze tools, though in use, are rarely found until very late in the period. CATEGORY: term. DEFINITION: The totality of past human culture; an extinct group's learned behavior, cognition, and emotion. CATEGORY: culture.
DEFINITION: The constantly recurring artifacts or group of assemblages that represent or are typical of a specific ancient culture at a particular time and place. The term describes the maximum grouping of all assemblages that represent the sum of the human activities carried out within a culture. Baden. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: Baden- P.
Ancient Baden was occupied by Celts and then by Germanic peoples and was conquered by Rome in the 1st century AD. It was a successor to the Lengyel culture. They produced metal tools including ax- hammers and torcs of twisted copper wire. The pottery was plain and dark, but some have channeled decoration and handles of Ansa Lunata type. The horse was domesticated and carts mounted on four solid disk- wheels were used.
Baden had contacts with the Early Bronze Age cultures of the Aegean. It was named for the town of Baden, near Vienna. A radiocarbon chronology has divided the Baden culture into three phases: Early (2. BC), Classic (2. 60. BC), and Late (2. BC). The most complete sequences are in Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
Baden was remarkable at the time because it had a highly dispersed settlement pattern and a central cemetery pattern. Basarabi culture. CATEGORY: culture. DEFINITION: An Iron Age culture of cemeteries and settlement sites over much of Romania with its type site on the Danube. It is a local version of the Hallstatt culture, dating to 9. BC. Battle- Ax culture.
SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: Battle- Axe culture; Single- Grave culture; Single Grave culture; Battle Ax culture, Corded Ware culture. CATEGORY: culture. DEFINITION: A number of Late Neolithic cultural groups in Europe that appeared between 2. BC. So- named for their characteristic shaft- hole polished stone battle- ax, the people were also known for their use of horses. Their place of origin is not certain, but it was most likely east rather than west of their area of spread. It was a homogeneous culture with central European trade links and it remained in some areas through the Stone and Bronze ages. In central Europe, the Beaker Folk came into contact with the Battle- Ax culture, which was also characterized by beaker- shaped pottery (though different in detail).
The two cultures gradually intermixed and later spread from central Europe to eastern England. The Battle- Ax people were also responsible for the dissemination of Indo- European speech. Beaker people. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: Beaker Folk, Beaker culture; Bell Beaker culture. CATEGORY: culture.
DEFINITION: A widespread Late Neolithic European people of the third and second millennium BC named after the characteristic bell- shaped beakers found buried with their dead. These people spread a knowledge of metalworking in central and western Europe from c 2. BC. They first came to Britain between 1.
BC in successive waves, via Holland, from the Rhineland. Their origins are uncertain, with theories of them being the Battle- Ax people from south Russia and Spanish Megalithic people from Almeria or from Portugal and Hungary. They were copper and bronze workers and famous for their great collective tombs.
The assemblages of grave goods - - decorated pottery, fighting equipment (arrowheads, wristguards, daggers) - - were characteristic of the people, who lived in small groups mainly by major river routes as they were known traders. Burial was by contracted inhumation in a trench, or under a round barrow, or as a secondary burial in some form of chamber tomb. Each burial was accompanied by a beaker, presumably to hold drink, probably alcoholic, for the dead man's last journey. Big Game Hunting tradition. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: Big Game Hunting culture. CATEGORY: culture.
DEFINITION: Any of several ancient North American cultures based on hunting herd animals such as mammoth and bison; the first indigenous cultural complex of the continent. It may have developed from an earlier hunting culture whose people arrived in North America between 2. Wisconsin Ice Age.
It is also probable that this culture derived from a migration across the Bering Land Bridge c 1.